Biological and Artificial Implementation of Sensory Processes. In an intact hand (A), the deformation of skin on the piano keys activates mechanoreceptors (i.e., Merkel discs) that relay information via slowly adapting (SA) or rapidly adapting (RA) sensory afferents through synaptic connections to spinal circuits. In turn, this activates spinal motor reflexes and downstream thalamocortical circuits (B) that enable fine adjustments of the fingers while playing. Similarly, a prosthetic hand fitted with artificial sensory afferents (ASAs) (C) could read-in pressure sensor deformations as voltage pulses that are integrated by multiple synaptic transistors to evoke tonic spiking in remaining nerves through cuff electrodes. The activated afferents would then provide input to the spinal cord to drive more naturalistic perception downstream as well as to activate spinal motor neurons, which could be interfaced with the prosthetic to provide reflexive feedback.
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